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On the Popular Judgment: That may be Right in Theory, but does not Hold Good in…

Read by D.E. Wittkower


Immanuel Kant


This tripartite essay – published variously as “On the Popular Judgment” (J. Richardson trans.), “On the Old Saw” (E.B. Ashton trans.), or “…

Meditations on First Philosophy

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René Descartes


After several years working on a treatise putting forth his mechanistic philosophy and physics, Descartes shelved the project when his conte…

Perpetual Peace: A Philosophic Essay (Hastie Translation)

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Immanuel Kant


This essay, written in 1795, puts forth a plan for a lasting peace between nations and peoples. Kant puts forth necessary means to any peace…

Perpetual Peace, A Philosophic Essay (Trueblood Translation)

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Immanuel Kant


This essay, written in 1795, puts forth a plan for a lasting peace between nations and peoples. Kant puts forth necessary means to any peace…

Of the Injustice of Counterfeiting Books

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Immanuel Kant


This essay of Kant’s on copyright argues that the unlicensed copying of books cannot possibly be permissible, due to the fact that it assume…

Studies in Pessimism

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Arthur Schopenhauer


Arthur Schopenhauer, an early 19th century philosopher, made significant contributions to metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics. His work also…

The Twilight of the Idols

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Friedrich Nietzsche


Of The Twilight of the Idols, Nietzsche says in Ecce Homo: “If anyone should desire to obtain a rapid sketch of how everything before my tim…

Reflections on War and Death

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Sigmund Freud


Anyone, as Freud tells us in Reflections on War and Death, forced to react against his own impulses may be described as a hypocrite, whether…

Introduction to The Philosophy of History

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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel


The introduction to Hegel's lectures on the philosophy of world history is often used to introduce students to Hegel's philosophy, in part b…

The Enchiridion of Epictetus

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Epictetus


Epictetus (Greek: Επίκτητος; c.55–c.135) was a Greek Stoic philosopher. The name given by his parents, if one was given, is not known - the …

Utilitarianism

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John Stuart Mill


John Stuart Mill's book Utilitarianism is one of the most influential and widely-read philosophical defenses of utilitarianism in ethics. Th…

A Letter Concerning Toleration

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John Locke


Letter Concerning Toleration by John Locke was originally published in 1689. Its initial publication was in Latin, though it was immediately…

The Moral Equivalent of War

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William James


The Moral Equivalent of War, the last public utterance of William James, is significant as expressing the opinions of a practical psychologi…

Part 4: LXI. The Honey Sacrifice

In Thus Spake Zarathustra: A Book for All and None

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Friedrich Nietzsche, transl. Thomas Common and Friedrich Nietzsche


Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844–1900) was a nineteenth-century German philosopher. He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contempo…

Does Consciousness Exist?

In Essays in Radical Empiricism

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William James


William James (1842 – 1910) was a pioneering American psychologist and philosopher. He wrote influential books on the young science of psych…